In the early 1890s, many explorers, hunters, and gold diggers left their home countries of Great Britain, France, and Germany in search of a better future for themselves and their families. These groups landed in South Africa and decided to move north. One such group called the British South Africa Company crossed the Limpopo River and found land rich in minerals, wildlife, and open land ideal for agriculture. They set up a camp and using rifles and other weapons they fought against the Indians they found there. They wanted the land for themselves! They began to give each other land and decided to farm there using the local population as cheap labor. They were run by a man named Cecil John Rhodes. They decided to form a government and called their “new” country Rhodesia.
In 1961 a constitution was formulated that favored white supremacy. It gave all power to a few whites and discriminated against the majority, the local blacks who had found themselves there. They used them as cheap labor for their farms and mining operations. However, they had to trade with other countries; they were not recognized as a country by the United Kingdom and other major powers of the time. Their only ally was South Africa.
In 1965, Ian Douglas Smith’s Rhodesia Front political party declared the country a sovereign and independent state. Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI). The United Kingdom and the United Nations lobbied for sanctions against this new government, but due to the great wealth of the country’s nature reserves, the country prospered. There were schools, hospitals, industries and many agricultural products. The country was heaven except there was discrimination against the local blacks. There were no blacks in white schools, no blacks in white hospitals, and no blacks in white residential areas (except as domestic servants and gardeners!)
This infuriated the black man: their country had been stolen from them and they were mistreated in their own country! In 1961 ZAPU was formed under the leadership of Joshua Nkomo (a Ndebele man!). All blacks rallied behind it and it was banned by whites in 1962. It did not stop activities but went underground. Secret meetings were held in all the black townships. In 1963, ZANU, a new political party, was formed under Reverend Ndabaningi Sithole, a man from the Manicaland region of the country! (Robert Gabriel Mugabe was a member of the new committee) and this party was primarily a party of the Shona people! There were struggles on 3 fronts: against the two black parties and also against the white regime! ZANU was banned in 1964. There were break-ins at the houses of the different parties: people had to resort to having membership cards from both parties, as failure to produce a membership card often resulted in a beating.
The black man’s struggle intensified and many people went to Zambia or Mozambique, party leaders were arrested, including Robert Mugabe (imprisoned from 1964 to 1974). The black man decided to participate in the guerrilla war against the white regime!
In 1971 the British government tried to agree with the Rhodesian government to end sanctions in exchange for a smooth transition to majority black rule! Two clerics, Bishop Abel Tendekayi Muzorewa and Reverend Canaan Banana, led an opposition to this movement and formed a new initiative: the United African National Council and the two exile parties (ZAPU under Joshua Nkomo and ZANU under Reverend Sithole) joined forces! joined this council! At this stage the initiative was just a forum and not a political party. Therefore, it was legal! He opposed violence and therefore had the support of the white government. However, when Abel Muzorewa turned this into a party, the members had their doubts and infighting began.
Meanwhile, all was not well in the ZANU party: leadership disputes had started and this led to a split in the party. One faction became ZANU-PF (Patriotic Front) and the other ZANU (Ndonga – for its symbol of Knokerrie)
An agreement was signed in Harare (then Salisbury) on 3 March 1978 between Muzorewa, Sithole, Jeremiah Chirau and Ian Smith which paved the way for an interim government with the signatories as Executive Council, to manage the affairs of the state in preparation for a general election with black men voting for the first time. However, he still had a racial bias, as he reserved some seats along racial lines: 10 in the Senate, 28 in Parliament, and a quarter of the cabinet positions! A predominantly white referendum voted for this constitution!
There were elections and since the blacks had no other black party to vote for, and they were the majority, the UANC won! A new nation was born: Zimbabwe Rhodesia, with Josiah Gumede as president (non-executive, remember Clifford Dupont? And John Wrathall?) and Abel Muzorewa as prime minister! This was not well received by the old guard – Joshua Nkomo (and ZAPU) and Robert Mugabe (with ZANU) and the guerilla warfare escalated. International recognition did not come either as these two strong parties had not been involved in the elections! Plans to end the civil war had not worked.
A solution had to be found to end the civil war! Once again, the British government took the initiative and called for talks in London with all parties involved. ZAPU and ZANU decided to attend under a common flag: Patriotic Front! The Lancaster House talks took place from September to December 1979, marked by many disagreements and threats of rupture. The land issue was the main bone of contention. The then British Foreign Secretary, Lord Carrington, presided. It was agreed to hold new elections in early 1980.
These elections took place at the end of February 1980 and there was much intimidation, violence and threats to continue the war if ZANU-PF lost. The people were tired of the war and guess who won: ZANU-PF! The UANC won 3 seats out of the 80s – reserved for blacks. A new nation was born: the Republic of Zimbabwe! With Robert Mugabe as Prime Minister and Canaan Banana as President!
